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Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In food production, it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage. The science of fermentation is known as zymology. Fermentation is a chemical process by which carbohydrates, such as starch and glucose, are broken down anaerobically. Fermentation has many health benefits and is used in the production of alcoholic beverages, bread, yogurt, sauerkraut, apple cider vinegar and kombucha.